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Indeed, reading and math scores are much stronger predictors of what people earn, once employed, than of whether they are employed.

2 Discrimination on the basis of race or ethnicity still affects who gets some jobs (e.g., Fix and Struyk, 1991). By the late 1980s, disparities in reading and math skill predicted half or more of the hourly earnings gap between black and white young adults (Johnson and Neal, 1998 Ferguson, 1995). Today, at the beginning of the 21st century, conditions are different because the value of such skills to employers has grown, and racial barriers to employment have weakened (Murnane et al., 1995). Board of Education Have Only Partially Succeeded at Narrowing the Achievement GapĮvidence from the middle of the 20th century provided little if any reason to expect that closing skill gaps in reading and math could substantially reduce inequality in black-white earnings (Cutright, 1972, 1974 Jencks et al., 1972). Why Racial Integration and Other Policies Since Brown v.